SERS/TERS

Raman spectroscopy is a versatile analytical technique for chemical and structural characterisation. We discuss some challenges and disadvantages encountered during Raman analysis, and the solutions to these problems. We also discuss the factors that influence spatial resolution. To achieve a spatial resolution down to nanometres, we can use tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS).

Challenges and considerations in applying Raman spectroscopy

Despite the many advantages of Raman spectroscopy, we sometimes need to overcome some practical challenges. These issues are applicable to all Raman instruments. We have solutions so that you can get the best results from your Raman system.

Here are some practical solutions and advice.

1. The Raman effect is relatively weak
Renishaw's Raman systems use highly efficient optical designs and ultra-sensitive detectors.

2. Strong fluorescence backgrounds can mask Raman bands
By using a multiple laser system you can switch to a different excitation wavelength. For example, switching from a visible to a near-infrared laser (e.g. 785 nm) usually reduces fluorescence. This improves your chances of producing spectra with clear Raman bands.

3. Many sample surfaces are not flat
In the past, Raman imaging on uneven samples was difficult. Now, with LiveTrack focus-tracking technology, Renishaws Raman microscopes can automatically stay in focus while collecting data. You can easily study how chemistry and structure changes with topography.

4. Glass containers and microscope slides can mask the Raman bands of your samples
a. Replace glass microscope slides with stainless steel slides.
b. For biological cells, you can use mirror-polished stainless steel, CaF₂ or MgF₂ microscope slides.
c. Replace standard glass containers with quartz, which produces a lower background at 785 nm than standard glass.

5. Containers and substrates can contribute to your spectrum
You can control the degree of confocality on the inVia™ confocal Raman microscope and the Virsa™ Raman analyser. Combine a high numerical aperture (N.A.) microscope objective with a highly confocal instrument setting to minimise the sampling volume. This helps to counteract any unwanted background contributions from substrate or container materials.

To analyse a bulk sample in a transparent container, you could use a low-NA lens to focus into the vessel. This is another way of maximising the Raman signal from the material of interest and minimising spectral contributions from the container.

6. High laser powers can damage samples
We use lasers to generate Raman scattering. The Raman signal is proportional to the amount of laser power, so more power usually produces a stronger signal.
However, all samples have a laser power density threshold beyond which structural or chemical changes may happen. Here are our solutions:
a. High-throughput spectrometer design; you can produce the highest Raman signals with very low laser powers.
b. Laser power is software controlled and repeatable. In this way, you can be sure that your sample has not changed.
c. Spread the incident laser power over a larger area using line focus mode. You can do this with an inVia microscope, an RA802 Pharmaceutical analyser and an RA816 Biological analyser.

7. Automatically remove cosmic ray features with WiRE™ software
Cosmic rays are high-energy particles from beyond the Earth's atmosphere. If cosmic rays impact a detector during data collection, high-intensity spikes appear in the spectra. Large Raman images can often contain thousands of cosmic ray artefacts.

WiRE software can fully automate the removal of cosmic rays from large Raman images, containing up to 50 million spectra. We can then automate our data analysis workflow to produce reliable results.